Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay The organic structure is opaque, hence many old ages ago cipher could see inside it without executing surgery. However today there are many non invasive techniques, such as antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) , computed imaging ( CT ) , X-rays and magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) , which helps us to see inside the organic structure to assist name and handle a patient. The purpose of this essay is to compare functional magnetic resonance imagination with other non invasive techniques used to look inside the organic structure. And to find whether it is the most sufficient technique used, or if there are any alternate methods. The techniques that are traveling to be discussed in this essay are positron emanation imaging, computed imaging, magnetic resonance imagination, and functional magnetic resonance imagination. Positron emanation imaging Positron emanation imaging scanners are able expression at the physiology and anatomy of any portion of the organic structure, and are able to observe tumors, irregular and deficient blood flow to tissues, aneurisms, blood cell upsets and deficient operation of variety meats such as the thyroid and pneumonic map lacks. In order for this to happen a radioactive substance is injected into the patient. The radioactive substance is normally tagged with a radioactive atom, for illustration C-11, F-18, O-15, and N-13. These radioactive atoms are formed by pelting chemicals, by a atom gas pedal device, with neutrons to make short lived radioactive isotopes. The antielectron emanation imaging is able to observe gamma beams which are given off when the radioactive isotope emits a antielectron which collides with an negatron in the tissue. It is able to make this as it has a gamma beam sensor ; this has a series of scintillation crystals, which are each connected to a photomultiplier tubing. The crystals convert the gamma rays into photons of visible radiation ; this is so converted and amplified by the photomultiplier into electrical signals. These electrical signals are so developed into an image by a computing machine. : ( 2008 ) How positron emanation imaging ( PET ) works. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/5656 [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Because this lone produces an image of a piece of the organic structure, hence in order for the image to be three dimensional there are legion pieces developed, which can so be assembled by the computing machine to organize a three dimensional image. The image shows blood flow or other biochemical maps depending on what radioactive substance is being used. For illustration, to bring forth an image of encephalon activity, weak radioactive glucose is injected into the patient. The radioactive glucose releases antielectrons as it is consumed by the encephalon. As the encephalon consumes the glucose, this shows which countries of the encephalon are most active. The higher the ingestion of glucose the higher the activity of the country of the encephalon. Picture screening: A normal pet scan which shows the difference in encephalon activity between declaiming a set of good memorized and practiced words ; and a set of words non practiced Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/serialkillers/pet_link.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] It was found that those who perform good on a hard concluding trial consume less energy so those who performed ill. ( Haier et al 1988 ) Haier believes that it shows that intelligence is related to encephalon efficiency: less efficient encephalons work harder but still carry through less ( Haier, White A ; Alkire 2003 ) There are a limited figure of PET scanners ; this is because the devices needed to make the radioactive isotopes are highly expensive, so therefore it is a hard intervention to have. Not all patients are able to undergo the intervention due to radiation degrees ; pregnant adult females are hence non suited to undergo this process. Even though the radioactive isotope is short lived it people can merely undergo this process a limited figure of times due to the radiation exposure. However there are advantages for this process, it is able to observe diseases before any alteration in the anatomy like functional magnetic resonance imaging scanners, by analyzing biochemical map. It prevents unneeded surgeries, as it is able to separate between benign and malignant tumors. Computed imaging Computed imaging green goods X raies, it is a powerful signifier of electromagnet energy. Because it has a high energy degree it will therefore base on balls straight through most of the soft stuffs in the organic structure. The image shows merely white, gray and black. White represents bone, metal and Ca. The Grey sunglassess represent variety meats, soft tissues and musculuss, and black represents air, and fat. The X-ray beam moves all around the patient, scanning from 100s of different angles, and is so set together to organize a three dimensional image of the organic structure. It is used to name malignant neoplastic disease, caput injury, and osteoporosis. The advantages of this process are that it is painless and non invasive. It is first-class for abdominal injury, and can bring forth elaborate images of the liver, kidneys and lien. There is no job for those who have implanted medical devised, unlike MRI scans. However there are besides disadvantages to this process, even though the radiation degrees are low, persons can merely undergo this procedure a limited figure of times. Pregnant adult females can non undergo this process due to the radiation, which is a hazard to the fetus. It is non really good at observing soft tissues in great item, and is non good at happening countries of the encephalon which are infected or inflamed compared to MRI scans. And there is a dye that may be used for contrast, which people may respond severely to. Image demoing an Axial CT image of a normal encephalon. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=cat-scan.htm A ; url=http: //www.imaginis.com/ct-scan/history.asp [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Magnetic resonance imagination Raymond Damadian developed the first magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) scanner ( Gould R.T. et Al 2000 ) . It uses a really strong magnetic field and wireless moving ridges to bring forth a elaborate image of inside the organic structure. It is able to make this because most of the human organic structure is made up of H2O molecules, incorporating H atoms. These H atoms contain a proton, which aligns itself in the way of the magnetic field. Because the MRI scanner has a much higher magnetic field than the Earth, it changes the way to that of the magnet. The MRI scanner so sends radio frequence signals that are specific to hydrogen atoms, to the peculiar country that is being examined. This causes the protons to absorb energy for it to be able to whirl in a different way. When the wireless frequence signals have stopped the H protons release their surplus stored energy as they slowly return to their natural alliance. A spiral on the scanner picks this up, which is so sent to a co mputing machine. The computing machine receives mathematical informations which is converted into an image. The images provided can be used to demo if there are any abnormalcies in the tissues. MRI scans are able to observe if the patient has suffered from a shot, any hurts, and can observe tumours and diseases in any portion of the organic structure. Image demoing sagittal position of an MRI scan. FMRIB Centre ( 2005-2010 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/images/sagittal_scan.jpg/view [ Accessed on: 25/03/10 ] Functional magnetic resonance imagination It was discovered that O hapless hemoglobin was affected otherwise by a magnetic field than O rich hemoglobin. And so therefore it was possible to utilize these contrasts in the blood O response to map images of encephalon activity on a normal MRI. Which lead to the development of functional magnetic resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) , which looks at the construction but besides the map of the encephalon. Functional MRI measures the haemodynamic response. This is the alteration in blood flow related to cognative activity, for illustration reading, emotions and listening. When nervus cells are active there is an addition in O being used, which increases the blood flow to that peculiar country. This produces activation maps, which shows what portion of the encephalon is involved in a peculiar mental procedure. For illustration the hippocampus and related median temporal lobe constructions are important for the encryption and storage of information in long- run memory. Picture demoing four functional encephalon scans obtained during a ocular memory undertaking Mark DEsposito A ; Charan Ranganath ( 2000 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/11/20_mri.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Functional MRI has enabled us to supervise the growing and map of encephalon tumors, and can besides measure shot, injury or degenerative diseases on encephalon map. Functional MRI does non necessitate any radioactive isotopes or injections ; therefore the patient will be more comfy with holding the process done. There is a high declaration, so there is a more elaborate image obtained. It does nt utilize radiation like X raies, Computer Tomography or positron emanation imaging scans do, therefore is nt harmful to the patient or physician during the process, and many can be done if necessary. And it looks at all countries of the encephalon, as it is able to look at the image in any plane. Whereas a CT scan can merely bring forth one plane of position, the axial plane. The MRI scan can bring forth images of axial, sagittal and coronal planes, every bit good as any in between those grades, without the patient even traveling. However there are disadvantages of the equipment. It is really expensive for the equipment used ; therefore the test will be rather expensive so non many people will be able to afford to hold them. There are some people who can non undergo a functional MRI scan, because metal can non be near the scanner, for illustration those with pacesetters. And besides some people may be excessively large to be scanned. Those who are claustrophobic may happen it straitening. The patient has to maintain wholly still for the continuance of the process, which may be for a long clip, so that a clear image can be captured. If there are any little motions this may take to a deformed image, which may hold to be repeated. And it does nt look at the activities of the single nerve cells which are critical for mental map. It is hard to state precisely what encephalon activity is being represented on the scan, as the functional Magnetic resonance imaging picks up 1000s of single nerve cells at a clip, which may stand for a figure of different maps. In decision it seems that every technique is more efficient for certain countries of the organic structure, certain persons or specific diseases. Functional MRI merely looks at the map of encephalon activity, whereas CT and PET scans are able to see inside the whole organic structure. Favored scans are besides able to look at the map of the encephalon, nevertheless there are merely a limited figure of times the patient can undergo this process, and those who have implanted metal devises can non hold a MRI scan due to the magnetic field. CT scans are really good for those who need to name venters trauma, nevertheless the CT scanner does non give much item to soft tissues. PET scanners have a high sensitiveness, but lacks deciding morphology. MRI scanners have lower sensitiveness, but have a high contrast with soft tissues. So at that place have been versions, by uniting them both to acquire a more powerful instrument. This can besides be done with CT scanners and PET scanners. Mentions Columbia University ( n.d ) . The Future Role of functional MRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 07/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmri.org/fmri.htm gt ; . Coon, Dennis A ; Mitterer, John O. ( 2008 ) Introduction to Psychology: Gatewaies to Mind and Behavior. 12th erectile dysfunction. Cengage Learning Devlin, Hannah ( 2005-2010 ) . Introduction to fMRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/introduction-to-fmri/ gt ; . Erkonen, William E A ; Smith, Wilbur L ( 2009 ) Radiology 101: The rudimentss and basicss of imaging3rd erectile dysfunction. Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins Freudenrich, Ph.D. , Craig. ( 2000 ) How Nuclear Medicine Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 18/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-medicine.htm gt ; Gould, RT, Todd A. ( 2000 ) How MRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed on 8/3/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //healthguide.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm gt ; Harris, Tom. ( 2002 ) How CAT Scans Work. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/cat-scan.htm gt ; NHS [ online ] . ( 2009 ) MRI- scan [ online ] [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/Introduction.aspx. gt ; . Radiology Info ( N.D ) Professionals and cons of PET scans Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiology-info.org/nuclear-medicine-positron-emission-tomography/pros-consside-effects.html gt ; scanDirectory.com Staff ( 2007 ) organic structure scan [ online ] [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scandirectory.com/content/body_scan.asp gt ; Watson, Stephanie. ( 2008 ) How fMRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 08/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/fmri.htm gt ;

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars AD (or A.D.) is an abbreviation for the Latin expression Anno Domini, which translates to the Year of Our Lord, and equivalent to C.E. (the Common Era). Anno Domini refers to the years which followed the supposed birth year of the philosopher and founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ. For the purposes of proper grammar, the format is properly with the A.D. before the number of the year, so A.D. 2018 means The Year of Our Lord 2018, although it is sometimes placed  before the year as well, paralleling the use of B.C. The choice of starting a calendar with the birth year of Christ was first suggested by a few Christian bishops including Clemens of Alexandria in C.E. 190 and Bishop Eusebius at Antioch, C.E. 314–325. These men labored to discover what year Christ would have been born by using available chronologies, astronomical calculations, and astrological speculation. Dionysius and Dating Christ In 525 C.E., the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus used the earlier computations, plus additional stories from religious elders, to form a timeline for Christs life. Dionysius is the one credited with the selection of the AD 1 birth date that we use today- although it turns out he was off by some four years. That wasnt really his purpose, but Dionysius called the years that occurred after Christs supposed birth The years of our Lord Jesus Christ or Anno Domini. Dionysiuss real purpose was trying to pin down the day of the year on which it would be proper for Christians to celebrate Easter. (see the article by Teres for a detailed description of Dionysius efforts). Nearly a thousand years later, the struggle to figure out when to celebrate Easter led to the reformation of the original Roman calendar called the Julian Calendar into the one most of the west uses todaythe Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian Reform The Gregorian reform was established in October of 1582  when Pope Gregory XIII published his papal bull Inter Gravissimas. That bull noted that the existing Julian calendar in place since 46 B.C.E. had drifted 12 days off-course. The reason the Julian calendar had drifted so far is detailed in the article on B.C.: but briefly, calculating the exact number of days in a solar year was nearly impossible prior to modern technology, and Julius Caesars astrologists got it wrong by about 11 minutes a year. Eleven minutes isnt too bad for 46 B.C.E., but it was a twelve-day lag after 1,600 years. However, in reality, the main reasons for the Gregorian change to the Julian calendar were political and religious ones. Arguably, the highest holy day in the Christian calendar is Easter, the date of the ascension, when the Christ was said to have been  resurrected from the dead.  The Christian church felt that it had to have a separate celebration day for Easter  than the one originally used by the founding church fathers, at the start of the Jewish Passover.   The Political Heart of Reform The founders of the early Christian church were, of course, Jewish, and they celebrated Christs ascension on the 14th day of Nisan, the date of Passover in the Hebrew calendar, albeit adding a special significance to the traditional sacrifice to the Paschal lamb. But as Christianity gained non-Jewish adherents, some of the communities agitated for separating out Easter from Passover. In 325 C.E., the Council of Christian bishops at Nicea set the annual date of Easter to fluctuate, to fall on the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or next after the first day of spring (vernal equinox). That was intentionally complex  because to avoid ever falling on the Jewish Sabbath, Easters date had to be based on the human week (Sunday), the lunar cycle (full moon) and the solar cycle (vernal equinox). The lunar cycle used by the Nicean council was the Metonic cycle, established in the 5th century B.C.E., that showed that new moons appear on the same calendar dates every 19 years. By the sixth century, the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman church followed that Nicean rule, and indeed, it is still the way the church determines Easter each year. But that meant that the Julian calendar, which had no reference to lunar motions, had to be revised. Reform and Resistance To correct the Julian calendars date slippage, Gregorys astronomers said they had to deduct 11 days out of the year. People were told they were to go to sleep on the day they called September 4th and when they woke up the next day, they should call it September 15th. People did object, of course, but this was only one of numerous controversies slowing acceptance of the Gregorian reform. Competing astronomers argued over the details; almanac publishers took years to adapt- the first was in Dublin 1587. In Dublin, people debated what to do about contracts and leases (do I have to pay for the full month of September?). Many people rejected the papal bull out of hand- Henry VIIIs revolutionary  English reformation had taken place only fifty years earlier. See Prescott for an amusing paper on the problems this momentous change caused everyday people. The Gregorian calendar was better at counting time than the Julian, but most of Europe held off accepting the Gregorian reforms until 1752. For better or worse, the Gregorian calendar with its embedded Christian timeline and mythology is (essentially) what is used in the western world today. Other Common Calendar Designations Islamic: A.H. or AH, meaning Anno Hegirae or in the year of the HijraHebrew: AM or A.M., meaning Year After CreationWestern: BCE or B.C.E., meaning Before the Common EraWestern: CE or C.E., meaning the Common EraChristian-Based Western: BC or B.C., meaning Before ChristScientific: AA or A.A., meaning the Atomic AgeScientific: RCYBP, meaning Radiocarbon Years Before the PresentScientific: BP or B.P., meaning Before the PresentScientific: cal BP, meaning Calibrated Years Before the Present or Calendar Years Before the Present Sources Macey SL. 1990. The Concept of Time in Ancient Rome. International Social Science Review 65(2):72-79.Peters JD. 2009. Calendar, clock, tower. MIT6 Stone and Papyrus: Storage and Transmission. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Prescott AL. 2006. Refusing Translation: The Gregorian Calendar and Early Modern English Writers. The Yearbook of English Studies 36(1):1-11.Taylor T. 2008. Prehistory vs. Archaeology: Terms of Engagement. Journal of World Prehistory 21:1–18.Teres G. 1984. Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus. Journal for the History of Astronomy 15(3):177-188.

Write an essay by solving the last three question

Write an by solving the last three question - Essay Example found that Wonderful Stores (WS) committed breach of contract when it cancelled its advertised â€Å"Wonderful January sale Bargains Galore; Rolex Watches  £80†¦Ã¢â‚¬  thus to settle the issue, the following questions must be resolved on appeal: (1) whether the advertisement was an invitation to treat and not an offer; (2) assuming that it was an offer, it was a bilateral offer and not a unilateral offer; (3) assuming further that it was a unilateral offer, no obligation arise as Simon has not accepted the offer at the time it was revoked on Saturday evening’s advertisement. Would the appeal of WS prosper? The appeal will not prosper. Advertisements are legitimate business strategies implemented by sellers to induce buyers to patronize its products however advertisements are mere invitations to treat. To ripen into a contract, bids must first be made to commence negotiation then the seller will consider the bid and thereafter accept it if deemed appropriate. Thus, the stages to constitute a valid contract must be complied with—initial offer, negotiation and acceptance. The indication of a price tag in an advertisement or even put on display on the shop window is of no moment. It does not qualify as a valid offer of sale but simply an invitation to treat which is not demandable until an offer was accepted. This is anchored on the fact that the store that advertised the product may not have sufficient inventory to sell to all those who would want to procure or avail of the products. In the case of WS, it stated in its advertisement that sale shall be made on a â€Å"first come, first served† basis thus the eventuality that it would run out of inventory is not present. The consumers are put on notice that the products are limited thus those interested to buy were encouraged to fall in line—sale would be made until supply last. WS has made an offer thereby creating a valid and enforceable contract. Therefore WS is obliged to sell to those who have complied with the

Job Security between India and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job Security between India and Japan - Essay Example Moreover, the current report will also execute the theoretical and practical implications of the IR transformation outlook. The laws of employment dominating India, the newly industrialized country are of a safeguarding nature to the employees. They permit the policies of workers’ retrenchment or lay-offs but only with government’s approval. On the other hand, the condition of labor in Japan, the advance-industrialized country, gives a differing outlook. The practices of labor, there, depict distinguishing aspects, of which, the most prominent is the ‘lifetime employment’. This assists the workers in the provision of beneficial behavior by hiring those schools, maintaining retaining, and developing them in the companies or organizations until they are 55-60 years. This provision of lifetime guarantee does not require the workers to sign any particular contract and is flexible towards the employees throughout their job. Various researches and studies regarding the employment security in India depict that the rate of unemployment in India is higher than that of Japan. The Indian Government is responsible to formulate the laws of industrial relations. Some of such IR laws prevailing in India are worth mentioning in the context of the report. Moreover, the IR laws in India are distinguished by the Industrial Relations laws of other countries through the feature that it does not provide for trade unions to be acknowledged as the collective bargaining agents. Under the TUA, only registering of the union does not give it the status of a legal and autonomous representative of the employees in the organization (Sarkar 2011). The Industrial Law makes it mandatory for the government to interfere in tackling any disputes that emerge in the organizations and its activities. According to the provisions of the Industrial Disputes

Types of data sources Essay Example for Free

Types of data sources Essay 1. Evaluate relevant sources of data and information and discuss the criteria for selection of data and information. There are several different types of data sources for example there are primary sources of data which would be original documents, original research studies (peer reviewed), case studies. Secondary data is data collected from someone other than the user for example a biography of an individual would be secondary data compared to the person’s auto biography. There is also tertiary data which is a combination of both primary and secondary sources of data. Relevant sources of information tend to be sources that are reliable and credible. There are two basic types of information which are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative information is expressed in figures which will answer questions such as, how likely? How long? How many? Etc. Qualitative information expresses information that cannot be measured in a numerical formation and answers questions such as How? Why? What? For example the quantitative data of a product would tell the user the diameters of the product, how much the product weighs etc. This information would be useful for say the packaging department but to the advertising department this information would only have so much use they would need qualitative data about said product in order for them to sell it Joint and by product costing – There are different methods to allocate costs within a production process for example a process may produce three different products x y and z, the costs for this process would be allocated to each individual product based on the amount of each product that is produced in one run of this process and the costs may be allocated in different ways such as weight produced or the net realisable value (selling price) of each product and apportioned this way. The mos t appropriate method of cost allocation will inform management which product or products are generating a profit or a loss and this information would be used to make decisions as to continue certain processes of products. Variance analysis of costs i.e the difference between actual expenditure and budgeted expenditure, would generate quantitative data such as the differences between the two figures however it would not example HOW this happened so without the qualitative data on HOW this happened giving management more useful information to work with to improve the adverse variances . The criteria for the selection of data and information would be as to whether it is relevant, reliable, The rational model proposes that people follow a rational, four step sequence when making decisions. The four steps are: * Indentifying the problem * Generating solutions * Selecting a solution * Implementing and evaluating the solution The normative model suggests that decision making is characterised by; * Limited information processing there is a limit to how much information a person can manage. * Judgemental heuristics shortcuts are used to simplify decision making. * Satisfying choosing solutions that meet minimum requirements and are good enough 3 – Evaluate methods of communicating decisions made and discuss the processes for implementing and evaluating a communication method Oral Communication: Oral communication could be said to be the most used form of communication. Whether it is to present some important data to your colleagues or lead a boardroom meeting, these skills are vital. We are constantly using words verbally to inform our subordinates of a decision, provide information, and so on. This is done either by phone or face-to-face. The person on the receiving end would also need to exercise much caution to ensure that he/she clearly understands what is being said. This shows therefore, that you would need to cultivate both your listening and speaking skills, as you would have to carry out both roles in the workplace, with different people. Written Communication:Â  Writing is used when you have to provide detailed information such as figures and facts, even while giving a presentation. It is also generally used to send documents and other important material to stakeholders, which could then be stored for later use as it can be referred to easily as it is recorded. Other important documents such as contracts, memos, and minutes of meetings are also in written form for this purpose. It can be seen in recent years however, that verbal communication has been replaced to a great extent by a faster form of written communication, and that is email. You could also use videoconferencing and multiple way phone calls with several individuals simultaneously. Apart from a few glitches that could occur, these methods of communication have helped organizations come a long way. Body Language: Although the most common methods of communication are carried out orally or in writing, when it comes to management techniques, the power of non-verbal communication must never be underestimated. Your smile, your gestures and several other body movements send out a message to the people around you. You need to be mindful of this while dealing with your employees and customers. Always remember to maintain eye contact. This would show that you are serious and confident about what is being said.

The Art of Decadence Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the late 19th century decadence was a tremendously popular theme in European literature. In addition, the degeneracy of the individual and society at large was represented in numerous contemporary works by Mann. In Death in Venice, the theme of decadence caused by aestheticism appears through Gustav von Achenbach’s eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a Polish boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings spring from a sound source, the boy’s aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings are, and his obsession ultimately leads to his literal and existential destruction. This exemplifies how aestheticism is closely related to, and indeed often the cause of decadence. Although the narrative is about more complexities, the author’s use of such vivid descriptions suggest the physical, literal aspect of his writing is just as important to the meaning of the story. The first and most obvious instance of aestheticism and decadence as correlating themes in this story is the title, Death in Venice. By fore-grounding the name of the city in the title, Mann is highlighting the city's key role in the unfolding narrative. Mann aligns the word 'Venice' with the word 'death' in the title. This creates a relationship between these two words - the word 'death' strongly infuses the word 'Venice' with all its connotations. Death and decay are important ideas within the context of decadence. By shear nature the title relates the concepts of death and dying to the city of Venice, which implies that the location is where a death will occur. However, this is paralleled by the opening of the story when Mann drearily tells of Aschenbach’s stroll through Munich. In the reading of this passage it ... ...ut to be the scene of a crowded, stifling city filled with cholera that eventually leads to his demise. Before this can occur however, he becomes internally decadent through his indulgence in Tadzio’s appearance. He then changes his appearance to please his idol which in turn corrupts himself by turning him into the type of decadent man he once despised. These themes of aestheticism and decadence, not in juxtaposition but in duality, are used frequently by Mann throughout the novella. Works Cited Mann, Thomas, and Clayton Koelb. Death in Venice: a new translation, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. Print. Ritters, Naoimi, and .Jeffrey B. Berlin. "the Tradition of European Decadence." Approaches to teaching Mann's Death in Venice and other short fiction. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992. 86-92. Print.

Coach of the Army Crew

Army Crew Case Analysis Coach of the Army Crew; Coach P. selected the top eight rowers for the Varsity boat after a long series of objective tests measuring each member’s speed, strength and coordination. The Varsity team had a clear advantage over the Junior Varsity team. So, how could Junior Varsity team beat the Varsity team in two-thirds of the time in practice races? There are obvious reasons behind the bad performance of the Varsity team. Coach P. lacking a leadership couldn’t see the signs of Varsity team having serious problems as a team.The problem with Coach P. ’s coaching mistake started with the team selection process of Varsity team members. He managed to measure individual performances successfully by using ergometer and weight records. However, as important as individual skills were, it was crucial for the eight individual members to be a team and synchronize their rowing. His performance and team building criteria lacked personality factors. Howev er, rowing needs a perfect teamwork and mental strength of the crew members. U. S.Olympic Committee’s research project showed that the master coaches those who were most experienced and successful tended to focus on psychological variables as the most important criteria for a successful crew team whereas novice coaches tended to focus on technique just like Coach P. did. Selecting a team solely dependent on individual technical performance resulted in very serious problems among team members. Coach P. lacking leadership skills had no vision about the team having serious trust and coordination problems.Just before National championships races, he –for the first time- included personality dimensions to analyze the team. It revealed that the Varsity team had no team leaders and had team disrupters instead. He brought in an external party to improve their confidence, concentration and motivation of the Varsity team which the Varsity team labeled it as â€Å"touch-feelyâ⠂¬ . Other than bringing in an external party, he should have acted as a leader and make the best decision for the group by using Rational Decision Making Model steps: first by identifying the problem, generating solutions, selecting the best solution and implementing it.He should have showed a transformation leadership which would increase acceptance and support from the Varsity Team. Each set of the transformational leadership behavior was very crucial for the disrupted team: * Inspirational motivation (establishing a vision using emotion): It is very obvious that the Varsity team had superior performance individually and they can perform much better if they believe in their team. However, they are demotivated and lost their beliefs in the team. Coach P. encouraged competition between JV and V groups which affected Varsity team negatively.Other than creating a tension between teams, he should have motivated each team separately and should have built close relationships with membe rs and provided an open and direct communication with them. * Idealized influence (sacrificing for the greater good): Team disrupters decreased the motivation of the team and the team had no leaders. Coach P. relied on third parties such as Center of Enhanced Performance (CEP) and asked the group â€Å"What is your solution? † other than trying to make the best decision himself and then take the right step.For the greater good of the team, he should have demoted the team disrupters. For the rest of the team she should have worked with each member individually to set their goals and increase their motivation. * Individualized consideration (providing support): The Varsity team’s most important problem is motivation and lacking a team spirit. To overcome this problem, Coach P. should have showed his support and provide open communication with the team. Instead, he tried to find the â€Å"right combination† by switching members of the teams and causing a tension am ong Varsity and JV boats.He should have realized from the very beginning that the problem is not about physical but it was psychological. By trying different combinations, he made the team’s psychology even worse. * Intellectual stimulation (encouraging employees to question the status quo): Coach P. should have let them negotiate and come to an agreement about the situation but it was very late for him to hold a group meeting just before National championships. Coach P. should have realized the trust and coordination problems of the team and should resolve the problems much earlier.As a good leader, he should have built the team depending on both physical and personality factors in the first place. He should have demoted team disrupters for better teamwork and motivation among the rest of the team members. To resolve the conflict between Varsity team, he should have provided a better communication among them. That way, they would have come to an agreement without any support from an external party like CEP. To create a team spirit, he should have done team building games and activities and make them socialize with each other. Both the team members and the coach don’t know and trust each other.Just like basketball coach, Coach K. ’s leadership style he should have been a loved leader who creates personal interaction and drives performance through respect. He should have built trust and respect among teammates and himself. After achieving these goals, it is very important to motivate the team to achieve a better performance. For Varsity team, following Locke’s Goal Setting Theory, creating SMART (goals that are specific in their orientation, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-based) and right level of goals would increase the motivation and effort.Returning to case, Coach P. should not switch Varsity and Junior Varsity boats even though Varsity will perform badly in the Championships. That way, he will show his support and tru st to Varsity team. If he chooses JV team to compete, he might lose the Varsity team forever. He shouldn’t switch team members other than the team disrupters. Varsity boat has a clear advantage over Junior Varsity team but they lacked a teamwork and synergy. As a coach he should make them feel like a team again and perform their best in the Championships.

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic thought appeals to me the most. Therefore, it is necessary to outline its main ideas related to monetary and fiscal policy. It is important to know that this theory is based on ideas of famous British economist John Keynes and it is rooted in the 20th century. Keynesian economy claims that mixed economy is the best type of managing fiscal and monetary policies, where special attention is paid to private sector and state. Keynesians doesn’t think that both state and private sector should operate on their own and, therefore, their policy differs significantly from laissez-faire economy. Such idea is the most appealing to me, because I think that every sector should be under thorough control. (Blinder 2003)The next moment to mention is that Keynesians believe macro-level trends are able to dominate over the micro-level of individual behavior. In contrast to classical theory, Keynesians promote an idea that aggregate demand for good is of great im portance in economy and is its main driving force. Speaking about fiscal and monetary policies, Keynesians aim at raising saving in order to lower the demand for labor and products. For example, they stated that there were many ways for the government to ensure effective management of national economy.Instead of paying attention to unbalanced budgets, Keynesian theory suggests countercyclical fiscal policies, â€Å"which acted against the tide of the business cycle: deficit spending when a nation’s economy suffers from recession or when recovery is long-delayed and unemployment is persistently high†. (Blinder 2003) Therefore, the government should solve short-term problems. Also Keynesians think that fiscal stimulus or deficit spending may actuate production. Rather interesting idea is that government should be complementary. And fiscal expansion is possible only in case of slack in labor market.However, Keynesian theory is criticized because of unbalanced view of mone tary policy. For example, it is suggested that their approach to economy is rather collectivist which requires centralized planning and, in such a way, it may lead to totalitarian abuses. Keynesians are more concerned with considerations instead of executing. (Blinder 2003)ReferencesBlinder, Alan. (2003). Keynesian Economics. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html

Business System Assessment Essay

Business System Assessment Essay Business System Assessment Essay This is a free sample essay on Business System Assessment: The information methods that can be used in analyzing requirements are the documentation, interview, observation, questionnaire, and the measuring methods. Each method can be an effective way to gather requirements but some can be better then others depending on what kind of business your company does. The documentation method can be an effective method of analyzing requirements if the company already has good documentation. The interview method is a good method to use for companies that are smaller and everyone is in one office. I feel that a face-to-face interview is more personable and more effective then doing an interview over the phone. The observation method is a good method because it allows you to see how the current processes are done. If the questionnaires ask the right questions and are effective in tracking certain aspects of the business, then this is an effective method. I have never used the measuring method but the book says that it can be a good method for gathering statistical information from the existing system. A process map is a graphical representation of the activities which make up the process It is a diagram which shows each step of the process, each input and output, and which uses agreed symbols to represent different process elements. It is similar in many ways to a flowchart of the process and, in common with a flowchart, the process map represents the logic necessary to achieve the desired result. The methods that should be used in process mapping are ones that you are comfortable with and ones that you have used before and have been successful in using. I dont know that the reading or lecture for this week actually went over actual mapping methods, but one method that was mentioned was the value chain principle. The mapping tools that should be used in documenting analysis are joint applications development/design (JAD) or rapid applications development (RAD) tools. These tools can be used to speed up the analysis and design of a system. Object oriented analysis (OOA), spiral, iterative or a combination of these tools are all good tools to use. These tools should be used along with the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). An analyst would know if the methods and tools mentioned above are effective because hopefully he/she has enough experience and has used these tools and methods before. The analyst would first need to determine if the company already has a standard methodology that they use as a standard. If they do have an established methodology already, the analyst should try to use that method and get permission from the company before using a different method. Hopefully the method already established by the client is an effective method. The prototyping tools used by the analyst can be used to confirm if the requirements are effective. This can be done by either the measuring method or by using diagramming tools. By utilizing either of these methods, an output would be generated to measure the effectiveness of the enterprise-level system analysis. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Business System Assessment from our professional essay writing service.

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell Bravissimo! You finally learned how to use the phone in Italy. Like many other Italians you pass on the street who have a cellphone attached to his ear, you can now discuss the most banal moments of the day. You quickly discover, though, that there are times when, no matter how clearly you pronounce Italian words, the person on the other end of the line cannot understand you. It could be static, it could be because youre skiing in the Dolomites or traveling by hydrofoil to the island of Stromboli and reception is poor. But you need to make yourself understood, otherwise youll miss out on those tickets to opening night at La Scala. Fortunately, theres the alfabeto fonetico- the Italian phonetic alphabet. Ancona, Bologna, CataniaMention the phonetic alphabet to a native-English speaker, and the first phrase that comes to mind is: Alpha Bravo Charlie. It stands for ABC, and is used in the military to avoid miscommunication. Its also frequently used by anyone speaking on the phone (to a customer service represenative, for instance) to spell out words (or portions of those words) to confirm the correct spelling. If its necessary to sound out the spelling of a word in Italian, by convention the following cities (typically provincial capital cities)- or alternate terms- are most commonly used to refer to each letter of the alphabet. The list of cities is not fixed, though, and even native-Italian speakers sometimes disagree about which cities to refer to. Therefore instead of Catania, one could also use Como, Capri or any other well known location. The only rule is to avoid a letter/town combination that could be mistaken for a different pair. Italian Phonetic AlphabetA come AnconaB come Bologna (or Bari or Brescia)C come Catania (or Como)D come DomodossolaE come Empoli (or Enna)F come FirenzeG come GenovaH come Hotel (acca)I come ImolaJ (gei or i lunga) come jolly (the joker in Italian card games) (or Jugoslavia)K (kappa) come KursaalL come LivornoM come MilanoN come NapoliO come OtrantoP come Palermo (or Padova or Pisa)Q come QuadernoR come RomaS come Savona (Sassari or Siena)T come Torino (Taranto)U come UdineV come Venezia (Verona)W (vi/vu doppio) come Washington (Wagner)X (ics) come Xanto (xilofono)Y come ipsilon (York or yacht)Z come Zara (Zurigo or zeta)

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research project - Essay Example Anthropologists generally denote this with the key phrase â€Å"cultural adaptation†. The vital elements in the cultural existence of the Yanomamo cope with territory and orientation to it (Early and Peters 35) The Yanomamo are widely recognized that they are among the handful of tribes on the planet whose presence was unidentified until few recent years. They reside in the boundaries between Venezuela and Brazil, and their human population is only about 20,000 people, dispersed in various villages and split up by miles of uninhabited territory. Once the anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon travelled to this area for the very first time, the Yanomamo were staying in certain undersized villages, referred to as shabonos, and they were talking in only their native language. As per Napoleon Chagnon, they fit in the class of â€Å"Tropical Forest Indians†, known as foot people, and this describes the villagers’ disbursement over the terrain. The Yanomamo conduct involves an accumulation of features which are linked among their communities that, all through particular viewpoint, manage the intricacy of association between the facets of ethnic, environmental, and natural routines. They depend for food and shelter on the things they can collect on the rain forest. They perform hunting and accumulating, and the most typical game creatures are wild pigs, monkeys, tapirs, armadillos, birds and rodents. Caterpillars are thought to be an extremely appealing meal, exactly like the grubs that reside in the seeds of palm fruit. (Early and Peters 221) Among their local meals plantains are the most vital. Additionally they cultivate tobacco, to which each and every Yanomamo is passionate. They are mindful furthermore of the methods of â€Å"slash and burn cultivation†, the procedure for farming employed in which flora is burnt, land is cropped for quite some time (two to three years), after which the boonies retake its position. Enthusiastic hunters