Retail Management Essay - 1137 Words

An important business man once said, â€Å"There’s an enormous number of managers who have retired on the job† (Retail Industry.About). That is a great phrase that is thoroughly true. Many managers are there simply to get a paycheck and not to actually fulfill their duties. Retail management drives sales, lead associates, manages company programs, provide candid feedback, and ensures that customers and our associates are always number one.(Sales Manager) In order to drive your sales the customer must always be your top priority. Management, no matter where you go, keeps a business running smoothly. The main job of a retail manager, specifically JCPenney, is supervising sales associates and participating in the Customer First program†¦show more content†¦An important aspect of retail management is hiring and training of qualified employees (Romanosky, 294). Upon hiring of an employee, management then assigns or should assign the individual duties. Training may b e the most important aspect of step in the development of an associate. If the associate has no training, how does that employee know what to do? When having people work for you, you will typically have people who want a pay raise or would like to move up in the company. Typically upper management would handle these situations. As previously mentioned, training is key to a successful business. For a new employee starting in the company, they would initially work with the Training Supervisor to learn the basics of their job. As time goes on, all members of management should coach or lead associates. Typically, one’s direct supervisor will work with the employee the majority of the time. As a member of management it is extremely important to coach associates effectively. By coaching associates effectively, management should be able to instill more responsibilities to the associate (Basic Responsibilities of a Management Associate). Management should coach associates to provide great customer service, complete FindMore orders (online orders), credit goals (credit cards), possibly gift card sales, and other company promotions. Upon coaching of associates, management should always followShow MoreRelatedFunctions of Retail Management1021 Words   |  5 PagesFUNCTIONS OF RETAIL MANAGEMENT When attempting to start a business, having a keen understanding of the goals of management through the main four management functions is one key to seeing success, both with the operation and with employees. With this said, a vital part of planning of the management end will involve three important activities. The first stage, planning involves developing a systematic process for attaining the goals of the organization...Leaders make change happen through planningRead MoreFashion Retail Management3781 Words   |  16 PagesRETAIL OPERATIONS Course Material for Master of Fashion Management Students. 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When I got into the process of assessing theRead MoreInformation Management And The Retail Industry888 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Management and the Retail Industry The retail industry is ever changing and evolving. The more successful companies within the industry understand the need to use technology to their advantage. Information management is the process by which different types of data is collected, categorized, and stored (Turban, Volonino, Wood, Sipior, 2013, p. 32). A review of the collected data is done to ascertain the value of the contents and reports are generated based on that data (Turban, VoloninoRead MoreThe Challenges Of Retail Logistics Management4526 Words   |  19 Pages The Challenges of Retail Logistics Management Senora N. 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How does the perception of value differ when that same consumer shops at a discount furniture store? †¢ A retailer must ensure that all of its strategic elements are in place. †¢ For the shopper segment to which a particular retailer appeals, the total retail experience must be aimed at fulfilling customerRead MoreRetail Management8432 Words   |  34 PagesMARKS : 80 COURSE :MRM SUB : RETAIL MANAGEMENT N. B. : 1) BOTH CASE STUDIES carries equal marks. 2) All questions are compulsory CASE NO. 1 THE OUTLOOK FOR SOFT GOODS SPECIALITY STORES Introduction Soft goods specialty retailers are on a quest to grow, with the high-growth ``stars’’ working to maintain momentum by rolling out successful concepts nationally while investing in new concepts that offer long-term promise. The less stellar performers areRead MoreRetail Management8444 Words   |  34 PagesMARKS : 80 COURSE :MRM SUB : RETAIL MANAGEMENT N. B. : 1) BOTH CASE STUDIES carries equal marks. 2) All questions are compulsory CASE NO. 1 THE OUTLOOK FOR SOFT GOODS SPECIALITY STORES Introduction Soft goods specialty retailers are on a quest to grow, with the high-growth ``stars’’ working to maintain momentum by rolling out successful concepts nationally while investing in new concepts that offer long-term promise. The less stellar performers are reinvigorating

Child Abuse and Neglect - 922 Words

ASSIGNMENT 1: SOCIAL ISSUE- CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT KIM CARTER SOCIOLOGY PROFESSOR PATRICIA HENNINGTON JANRUARY 29, 2012 Child abuse and neglect The issue of child abuse and neglect is serious, controversial, and is escalating in today’s society. Many people are not aware, but child abuse is rampant in our society. Many child abuse and neglect cases go unreported because a person may not know the signs and symptoms of child abuse and neglect or perhaps the person or person may feel that this is an private issue and needs to be handle with in the home and no outsiders should be involved. Without the proper awareness of child abuse and neglect and the involvement of everyone this issue will continue to raise our eyebrows. Child†¦show more content†¦Our ability of having a healthy and productive relationships are learned but when a child is abused or neglected this will cause problems with them developing positive skills to navigate the social world. Child abuse creates problematic relationships in their lives that could pour over into their future (www.findcounseling.com). It breaks my heart to know that child a buse has a history and throughout history children have been subjected to extensive physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect. However, doing most of the history of child abuse was accepted and in some cases it was encouraged. As time progressed child abuse has grown to receive more attention and is being recognized as a severe epidemic that has to be stopped. I believe that the views of child abuse has changed over the years for it has left the home from being a private issue to a public issue where different agencies are involved in order to resolve the child abuse and neglect issue. Agencies that take part in investigating and preventing child abuse in today’s time are the Family and Protective Services, SCAN, and several more agencies that are committed to stopping child abuse andShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse and Neglect1653 Words   |  7 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse, or child maltreatment, is an act by a parent or caretaker that results in or allows the child to be subjected to death, physical injury, sexual assault, or emotional harm. Emotional abuse, neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse are all different forms of child abuse. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lastingRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect704 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience this feeling, not just for a second, but throughout their childhood. Neglect is child abuse, as well as physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse. Child abuse is awful because it causes the child to feel worthless, to lose trust, and to have serious psychological problems early on in life. Neglect is the most common form of child abuse. The parent or caregiver fails to provide basic needs for the child. Neglected children are constantly being told that they are worthless orRead MoreChild Neglect : Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse2216 Words   |  9 PagesChild Abuse: Neglect Has The Community Done Enough To Reduce Cases Of Neglect As A Form Of Child Abuse? Thesis statement: most scholars and practitioners have elaborated adverse impacts of child abuse, especially child neglect, but the research focuses on the positive side of the discourse; it concentrates on the community contribution and the steps that have helped to reduce and stop the act in many nations. The term child abuse got used in a very broad array of situation that it has become hardRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect2475 Words   |  10 Pages This paper will discuss child abuse and neglect and the lasting effects left on a child. The main types of abuse and neglect explained are emotional abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, medical neglect, educational neglect, emotional neglect, and physical neglect. Included are some warning signs of these different types of abuse and neglect and the legal definitions of each. It is important to understand that all of these forms of abuse and neglect are different and containRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect1678 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of child abuse is one of the hardest topics to write about. It is imperative to have a profound understanding of this topic and its consequences specially when working in the field of human services. Professionally and personally, I have encountered situations where child abuse is pre sent. 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We need to come up with better ways to fight this â€Å"disease† before we destroy our children, our future. An estimated 903,000 children across the country were victims of abuse or neglect in 2001, according to national data released by the Department of Health and Human Services. The statistics indicate that about 12.4 out of every 1,000 children were victims of abuse or neglect, a rate comparable to the previousRead More Child Abuse and Neglect1102 Words   |  5 Pageswhat effects abuse can have on a child? The effects abuse can have on a child is very serious. Children can obtain serious problems from child abuse. They can develop social problems, depression, and anxiety. There are four types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse can injure a child severely. Domestic Violence is a worldwide problem and affects the health and well-being of those open to it. Children that are exposed to physical abuse are at riskRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect2110 Words   |  9 Pagesevent, including the abuse and neglect of a child, also known as child maltreatment, (Schwartz Perry, 1994). In 2005, 3.3 million referrals were made that year to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment, (Bentley Widom, 2009). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines child maltreatment as â€Å"any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child,† (Leeb, Paulozzi, MelansonRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect3425 Words   |  14 PagesRunning Head: CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT The Causes of Child Abuse and Neglect and the Long Term Effects on Human Development from Infancy to Adulthood Sheila Y. Boone Liberty University December 10, 2008 Abstract Child abuse and neglect is a prevalent issue in the United States. Every year approximately one million infants, children and adolescents are victims of child abuse and neglect. Research has linked childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with some serious life-long developmental

Impact of Brand Awareness on the Customers-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Brand Awareness on the Customers of MTN. Answer: Introduction: Background to the study: The need for marketing management is required in every business organization. It is very important to determine the relationship between advertising and brand loyalty by reaching consumers via advertising while runninganysuccessful business. The brand awareness can positively hi-light the brand loyalty. A positive service or emotional experience affects the brand image positively(Armstrong et al 2015). Customer loyalty depends on how the information about the product and service reaches the customer and how it is retained in the society. Thus, there has been a lot of research that show how important marketing information is. The most important role of brand awareness is to create a name of the brand in the market. Present studies state that branding has become a vital topic in business management and it must be enhanced in every field to increase the scope of the business in the market(Aronczyk 2013). The companies that are competing to lead the market are using various new branding strategies to reach their customer and attract them. Statement of the problem: The importance of brand awareness has increased in present days. The companies are competing for creating their own market and becoming the leading brand. The study details the brand awareness and its effect on the customer of MTN(Knott and Jones 2015). MTN is a mobile telecommunication company that is operating in over 20 countries. The company has seen a tough time due to lack of branding and thus, serious focus on branding was required. Presently the company is ranked among the top brands in South Africa, however, if the brand name must be retained in the company then they have to make sure that the branding and advertising is continued in the market(Beck 2013). Thus, branding is important to keep up the good name of the company and maintain a good reputation among their customers. Rationale of the research: The importance of branding and advertising has become an important step in business organizations. The aim of branding is to create a name in the market and make the customers aware of the available products in the market. The customers are well aware and used to the reputed brands only because they have done regular advertising of their brands(Chinomona2013). MTNs market share and profitability hadtaken a serious blow due to the lack of branding and advertising(Death 2014). Focusing on branding and advertising over a few yearsenabled MTN to reach their target market and presently they are ranked among the top brands in South Africa. However, if the company does not follow the same strategy of advertising and marketing, they might face problems in the future. The reason for branding is to re-establish and enhance the company name among the clients and to prevent loss of leadership in the market. Brand awareness affects the customer behaviour directly. The more branding and advertisement is done the more customersare attracted to the product or brand(Dinnie2015). However, apart from branding there are few other aspects that affect the customer behaviour like quality and service. Branding plays a vital role as it reaches the customer of the company and determines how and what idea the customers get about the product. Once a product has become famous after branding then the fame and popularity that it gains automatically uplifts the brand name in the market(Keller 2017). The MTN Company offers various product and services that are yet to be expanded. They provide good offers to their customer and users;however, this has to be aligned with the branding and enhance the customer experience. This is only possible if the company is doing proper branding and advertisement that will reach the target market(Cornelissen2017). Unless the information reaches the customers, they will not be able to reach the top position and desired brand recognition. MTN has already done very good branding for their products, however, they should also maintain this. MTN has reached the top echelons of South African brands, but they must ensure to keep the rank in the future also. Research aims and objective: The aim of this study is to understand the need and impact of branding among the customer of the MTN. The need for branding and brand awareness has an impact in the market and it highly influences the popularity of the brand. The research objectives are: To evaluate the impact of brand value on customer loyalty of MTN To identify the factors affecting the brand image of the company. To recommend ways in which the brand image of the company can be improved Research questions: What is the impact of the brand value on customer loyalty of MTN? What are the factors affecting the brand image of the company? How can the brand image of the company be improved? Literature review Brand can be considered as the name associated with one or more of the items in the product line that is most probably used to recognize the characteristics of the brand. Brand is a term, name or a sign that is used to identify the goods and services of one seller or organization to differentiate them from theirpeers. The literature review on this topic is significantly researched as it contributes to the concept of brand relationships as it predicts the consumer behaviour. Higher awareness in the brand can create high demand for the product among the consumers. Existing research has also found that the absence of brand awareness can lead to low quality of the brand andchallenging differential awareness conditions (Sasmita and MohdSuki 2015). The role of brand awareness is significant as it affects the choices of the consumer and directly impacts theirdecision-making process. Hence, it can be stated that brand awareness differentials have a powerful influence over the brand choice ma king of the customers, and moreover, affects long term loyalty to the brand. According to brand management literature, the study conceptualizes that consumer brand relationship can be characterized by personality and charisma (Huang and Sarigll 2014). It can also be integrated with the positive and negative aspects of interpersonal characteristics. High brand awareness can mitigate negative consumer perceptions of price related changes. Brand awareness can be considered as one of the variables that positively contributes to the perceptions of the charged price by comparing the product price with the price of the competitors. Thus, a brand with an image of high product quality is likely to be inflated more intentionally and chosen by the consumers (Jamil, Ali and Iqbal 2017). Similarly, consumers are less likely to buy the products that are not familiar in the market or with other brands (Lambert-Pandraud, Laurent, Mullet and Yoon 2017). This is likely because the consumers incur psychological benefits from using the popular brand. The Aaker model is one of the important models that is used by businesses to evaluate the brand awareness of the organization in the market. It was developed by Professor David Aaker. As stated by David Aaker, brand equity is a combination of brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand associations that combine with each other to offer the value provided by the product or service. The model of Aaker consists of four elements namely, brand as product, brand as organization, brand as person and brand as symbol. Thus, the overall motive of the Aaker model is to build the strategy of brand by mixing the right proportion of its components to make it a brand that stands apart from its rivals. Brand awareness always brings a competitive advantage to the organization. Another theory that helps in building brand of an organization is 3 stages of branding. The three stages of branding is mainly comprised of design, value proposition and positioning statement. The creation of heuristic criteria is summed up of logos, colors, slogans, catch-phrases and many such factors that help in distinguishing the brand, but it is not branding (Wheeler 2017). The second stage is value proposition, which states that the product or service that is being offered by the company is the value that is being added as brand to develop brand awareness among the consumers. The last stage of branding is considered as the positioning statement where it considers how the product or service is being presented to the consumers and being perceived by the consumers (Payne, Frow and Eggert 2017). The brand image of the company can be improved by using latest technology and social media to reach the customers . The technology has made sure that the company that are using it are easily reaching their clients in time and spreading the brand awareness with full information. The brand awareness can also be improved by using banners and posters, this is specially for the customers who are not readily active in social media and thus they will not be able to get the information that the company will be trying to reach the customers. There are several arguments stating that market share of an organization can also lead to interpret the brand awareness as an aggregate level of consumer brand perceptions. The customer loyalty works accordingly with the needs of the customers. The customers interest in maintaining a loyal relationship is related to the ability to execute on the promise ofproviding a high standard in their product offering. Customer potential is one of the powerful weapons that is used by the organization to gain strategic advantage in the competitive environment (Arora and Kumar 2018). Customer retention and brand awareness are closely related to each other. There are various factors that contribute towards influencing brand awareness of a company. In accordance, it also affects the intention of the customers to purchase a product. Consumers play a vital role in the economic system by the payments of the goods and services produced. Brand awareness affects the decision making of a consumer about a product or service. The present market is over-supplied with variety of product brands. The other factors that drive brand awareness are primarily the commitment and affection showed by the customers for the brand. It is also recognized that the stronger the brand awareness the higher the resistance to try competitor products or services. There are two dimensions toa brand, in the form of physiological and psychological dimensions. These two dimensions affect the consumers mind such that it links the brand image, brand performance, brand usage, brand loyalty and brand judgment of the product. It helps the companies to sustain the existing customers and with new strategies or products theyhelp to attract new customer and turn them into loyal customers. Methodology: Research philosophy: The research philosophy is considered to scrutinize and create a detailing of the study. There are three basic types of research philosophy: interpretivism, realism and positivism. Among these positivism helps to develop a depth analysis of the study and conclude it with justifiable results. Interpretivism is related to managing activities and functions. Realism is a combined approach of the research philosophy of realism and positivism. However, in this case interpretivism is required which will include managing the activities and functions. The activities that include advertisement and branding is related to this situation and a thorough managing of the situation is required in this case. The philosophy will not be well suited in this case. Research design: Generally, research design is of three types. Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory. Descriptive helps to understand the situation and evaluate the study, exploratory is used to understand the concept in the beginning phase and explanatory is used to develop a relationship between the variables. This study will require an explanatory research design that will help the organization and the related factors in it to understand the need for branding and how it affects the customer section in general. The thorough need for marketing and branding is becoming a mandatory exercise in the present time. The detailed understanding and explanation for the impact is required in this study. Thus, an explanatory research design is needed in this case. Data collection method: The data collection method includes two methods: primary and secondary data collection. In this study the data collection method will include both the methods. The direct interview or review from the customers and company managers and official heads are required to understanding what impressions they have about branding. The customers and the company workers statements and reviews will b e taken. It will give a clear idea about the result. The data that will be collected here requires the direct information from these sources, at the same time, secondary data in the form of journals and books can also be used. The use of journal and books will include the experience of the reputed entrepreneurs who have faced the high and low situations in business and has faced the result of proper advertisement and branding in the market(Okonkwo 2016). The existing written documents will give pre-existing data and how they had an impact, but a direct interview will help to understand the impact in a better way. Thus the data collected will include primary and secondary data collection form the mentioned people which will give a clear idea about the result. Sampling method and sampling size: The sampling techniques includes probability and non-probability sampling technique. It will also include sampling by selecting random customers and business organizations who have explored brandingand the consequences they experienced in branding. It will include 10 business people who have faced the consequences of branding in their work life. It will also include the result of a survey that includes a collection of 500 people. The survey will be conducted in the general market which will make it easier to reach the customers. Data analysis techniques: The data analysis includes two different forms and they are qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative data analysis will include the large sum information that is required to analysis the data and make a conclusion. The qualitative data includes the standardised data which might not be huge in number but will cover the entire decision. This case will require quantitative data,as the result from various sources is important in this case(Ottman 2017). A single recommendation or preference cannot determine the outcome here. In this case both the data analysis method will be used for confirming the data analysis. Research ethical consideration: The research will strictly maintain its privacy and provide complete security to the entire group that will be included in the research. The research will make sure that no one is disturbed or bothered by this process. It will take care that the person who is taking part in the interview is content with their answer and no interpretation is done to their answers. The decision will entirely depend on the answers received from the consumers and business people or organization. Permission and authorisation will be obtained where required. There will not be violation of rules of any companies. The authorisation letter detailing the scope and purpose of the research will be presented to all participants. Limitation of the study: The study will give an accurate idea about the impact of branding for the company MTN. However, there will be a few gaps that will be kept for future scope. The need to protect against negative brand awareness will not be discussed in the study. The study will deal only with the impact of the branding among the consumer. In general, if the impact is positive the result will be positive as well. However, if a negative branding or fame is spread in the society then there will be high chances that the fame of the company will go down, harming the brand. Thus, it is important to maintain the brand image among the consumer with a positive attitude. The research will cover the impact, but it will not cover the strategies to meet the impact of the advertisement in the market. The impact can be positive or negative, it is the business organization responsibility to maintain a positive image in the market. MTN has kept a good image in the market and have reached the top brands in South Africa . However, if they do not maintain this level of branding in the market then there is a good chance that the brand will lose its image in the market and once again become a general brand. Proposed timeline of the study: Activities 1st to 3rd Week 4th to 10th week 11th to 13th Week 14th to 17th Week 18th to 21st Week 22nd to 23rd Week 24th Week Selection of the topic Data collection from secondary sources Creating layout Literature review Analysis and interpretation of collected data Findings of the data Conclusion of the study Formation of draft Submission of final work References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Aronczyk, M., 2013.Branding the nation: The global business of national identity. Oxford University Press. Arora, M. and Kumar, A., 2018. Consumer Awareness Towards Brand Equity. Asian Journal of Management, 9(1), pp.41-53. Beck, R.B., 2013.The History of South Africa. ABC-CLIO. Chinomona, R., 2013. The influence of brand experience on brand satisfaction, trust and attachment in South Africa.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),12(10), p.1303. Cornelissen, S., 2017.The global tourism system: Governance, development and lessons from South Africa. Routledge. Death, C., 2014. The green economy in South Africa: Global discourses and local politics.Politikon,41(1), pp.1-22. Dinnie, K., 2015.Nation branding: Concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). Springer, New York, NY. Jamil, K., Ali, M.A. and Iqbal, A., 2017. Exploring Brand Awareness, Customer Loyalty and Perceived Quality: how they ensure Profitability and generate Purchase Intention: A study on cosmetic industry of Pakistan. Journal of Social and Development Sciences (ISSN 2221-1152), 8(3), pp.40-45. Keller, K.L., 2017. Managing the growth tradeoff: Challenges and opportunities in luxury branding. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 179-198). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Keller, K.L., 2017. Managing the growth tradeoff: Challenges and opportunities in luxury branding. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 179-198). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Knott, B., Fyall, A. and Jones, I., 2015. The nation branding opportunities provided by a sport mega-event: South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,4(1), pp.46-56. Lambert-Pandraud, R., Laurent, G., Mullet, E. and Yoon, C., 2017. Impact of age on brand awareness sets: a turning point in consumers early 60s. Marketing Letters, 28(2), pp.205-218. Lin, H.C., 2016. A Study of the Correlation between Brand Mascot and Purchase Intention: Identifying the role of Consumer Brand awareness. Okonkwo, U., 2016.Luxury fashion branding: trends, tactics, techniques. Springer. Ottman, J., 2017.The new rules of green marketing: Strategies, tools, and inspiration for sustainable branding. Routledge. Payne, A., Frow, P. and Eggert, A., 2017. The customer value proposition: evolution, development, and application in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(4), pp.467-489. Sasmita, J. and Mohd Suki, N., 2015. Young consumers insights on brand equity: Effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand image. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 43(3), pp.276-292. Wheeler, A., 2017. Designing brand identity: An essential guide for the whole branding team. John Wiley Sons

Nazi Regime Essay Research Paper Question 1 free essay sample

Nazi Regime Essay, Research Paper Question 1 Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, and during this clip, he implemented a series of steps designed to extinguish Hebrews from German life with the aid of the despair of a German people who blamed the Jews for every immorality of the Weimar epoch: capitalist economy, communism, internal struggle, and the Treaty of Versailles. The Jews were purportedly the root cause of Germany # 8217 ; s jobs, both as greedy internal infiltrators who did non belong to the blood and dirt of Germany, and as an international confederacy restricting Germany # 8217 ; s influence on universe political relations. Under the Nazi government, Hitler made life uncomfortable for Jews in Germany and Austria and removed them from most places of power and influence. Three distinguishable moving ridges of anti # 8211 ; Judaic statute law can be discerned. 1 ) Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service The first moving ridge welled up in March 1933 and by April 7 had culminated in the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Regime Essay Research Paper Question 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This jurisprudence authorized the dismissal of about all # 8220 ; non- # 8211 ; Aryan # 8221 ; civil retainers. This jurisprudence became the theoretical account for steps excepting Hebrews from other businesss. 2 ) The Nuremberg Laws The 2nd major moving ridge of anti # 8211 ; Judaic statute law came on September 15, 1935, when the Reichstag passed two Torahs. Under the Reich Citizenship Law, the Jews were deprived of all vote rights and became 2nd # 8211 ; category citizens and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, which forbade matrimony and sexual contact between Jews and Germans. In the aftermath of that jurisprudence, a complicated categorization system was enacted specifying assorted grades of Judaic cape. Kristallnacht # 8211 ; dark of broken glass. In November 1938, SA bands, supported by Gestapo and other party organisations, burned temples and Judaic shops all over Germany ( Kristallnacht # 8211 ; dark of broken glass ) . The constabulary under Nazi control did non travel. Hence, 150,000 Jews left Germany and Austria after the Kristallnacht. However, it was hard for Jews to acquire visas to other states, most of which adopted restrictive in-migration policies. 3 ) The Economy From 1933 to 1939, concerted attempts were made by Nazi Party, bureaus of the authorities, Bankss, and concern endeavors to extinguish Hebrews from economic life. Judaic houses were either liquidated or Germans purchased them for much less than their full value. The returns of any gross revenues every bit good as Judaic nest eggs were subjected to particular belongings revenue enhancements. The Judaic employees of liquidated or Aryanized houses lost their occupations. When the war broke out, the bing ordinances were extended in every possible way and tightened up. The Final Solution was set in gesture. These anti-semitic policies could hold neer been implemented if non for the despair of the German people. Anti-Semitism intensified toward the terminal of the First World War. The traumatic licking in 1918, the economic predicament of the in-between category during the First World War and the hyper-inflation of 1923, and the confusion of values perceived by many Germans during the Weimar old ages fostered an irrational and aggressive mentality that frequently blamed the Jews. Jews were held responsible for the increasing concentration of retail industries, that put little workshops and bargainers out of concern, or the commercialisation of agribusiness, which was considered a # 8220 ; Jewish secret plan # 8221 ; to work the hard-working husbandman. The economic, societal, and psychological crises created by the Great Depression had dire political effects for Weimar democracy. Therefore, many people who were discontented with democracy found replies to their insecurity in the messages of the NSDAP. Nazi propaganda provided simple but seemingly apprehensible grounds for the economic prostration. The Nazis blamed the Versailles colony and reparations, the Weimar system itself. They believed that Jews allegedly stood behind Marxism, the Weimar system, much of large concern and economic profiteering. The Nazi accusals were unworldly but effectual. Lower middle-class unemployed and employed embraced a Nazi party that promised to extinguish this corrupt Weimar system, and unemployment. In decision, Hitler with the aid of German people who believed in his propaganda undertook a series of steps designed to destruct European Jewry. Hitler adopted the petroleum simplistic mentality on life: the Hebrews are the beginning of all immorality in this universe. Hitler found a intent in life, cleansing the German race from the clasps of the Jews. Hatred of the Jews became his compulsion, his credo, religion and faith. Question 2 Of the many factors that produced the Nazi holocaust, World War II and the atrociousnesss committed by the medical professions in Germany, one of the minute T of import was Darwin’s impression that evolutionary advancement occurs chiefly as a consequence of the riddance of the weak in the battle for endurance. Darwinism-inspired eugenics and in historical context, # 8220 ; eugenics # 8221 ; may be defined as applied Darwinism. The laminitis of eugenics is Francis Galton the writer of several extremely influential books on heredity, including Familial Genius ( 1869 ) , and National Inheritance ( 1889 ) . Not long after Galton published the last-named book, a group of alleged # 8220 ; racial scientists # 8221 ; became rather active in Germany. ( Besides influential in the formation of the group was German Social Darwinist Ernst Haeckel, who declared that the assorted races may be defined as separate species. ) One of these scientists was Adolf Jost, the writer of The Right to Death ( 1895 ) . The chief thesis of this book is that the concluding solution to the population job is province control over human reproduction. The province has a natural right and a sacred duty to kill persons in order to maintain the state, the societal being, alive and healthy. The very bosom of Darwinism is the belief that development returns by the differential endurance of the fittest or superior persons. This requires differences among a species, which in clip become great plenty so that those persons that posses advantageous characteristics # 8212 ; the fittest # 8212 ; are more disposed to last. Darwin # 8217 ; s theory and publications had a major influence upon Nazi race policies. The Nazis believed that alternatively of allowing natural forces and opportunity to command development, they must direct the procedure to progress the human race. The first measure to accomplish this end was to insulate the # 8216 ; inferior races # 8217 ; in order to forestall them from farther polluting the # 8216 ; Aryan # 8217 ; cistron pool. Aryans believed that their evolutionary high quality gave them non merely the right, but besides the responsibility to repress all other peoples. The ultimate purpose was to engender a new race of healthy and strong Aryan # 8220 ; demigods # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; superwomen # 8221 ; and to supply a huge life infinite for this new # 8220 ; maestro race, # 8221 ; derived from the existent Germans of 1933-45, in Central and Eastern Europe. Race was a major board of the Nazi doctrine. Hitler argued that authoritiess must help in the riddance, or at least quarantine, of the inferior races. Eugenicist theories advancing sterilisation and mercy killing were widely propagated in German society through instruction and other agencies. Among the most outstanding agencies used was movie. In his 1936 fresh Mission and Conscience ( and subsequent movie entitled, # 8220 ; I Accuse # 8221 ; ) , Helmut Unger told a narrative of a immature adult female enduring from multiple induration who believes that her life is no longer deserving life and asks her physician hubby to alleviate her of her wretchedness. Subsequently, the cardinal function of such images in taking to the credence of medical violent death became evident. Therefore, the T-4 physicians who participated in the # 8216 ; euthanasia # 8217 ; undertaking, did non see themselves to be slayers, but curates of medical intervention. The culprits believed in the impression of # 8220 ; life unworthy of life # 8221 ; before, during, and after their awful offenses. In May 1939, an consultative group, the Committee for the Scientific Treatment of Severe and Genetically Determined Illness, was formed to find if and how a euthanasia plan for kids and grownups would run. The grownup undertaking was housed in Berlin at figure 4 Tiergartenstrasse, giving rise to its codification name # 8220 ; T-4. # 8221 ; In the beginning, there appeared to be a wide degree of support for this throughout the state. Patients so began to be euthanized by deadly injection at assorted infirmaries and other wellness attention establishments. In September 1939, the Chancellor of the Exchequer provided legal unsusceptibility for the physicians engaged in mercy violent deaths. By 1941, word began to distribute on nonvoluntary violent deaths. So, in August 1941, the physician-assisted decease plan at Hadamar and the other T-4 infirmaries were officially ordered to be discontinued. By this clip, 80,000 to 100,000 people had been killed under the T-4 plan. At Hadamar, nevertheless, the plan neer ceased. Merely the method of decease changed: from injections to famishment. The original # 8216 ; euthanasia # 8217 ; undertaking, the violent death of those who were earnestly sick [ T-4 ] , was extended to killing virtually anyone whose decease was desired. First, hospitalized Hebrews who had antecedently been denied a mercy decease were given # 8220 ; particular intervention, # 8221 ; and killed along with Germans in the euthanasia plan. Later it was ordered that Jews and other undesirables be transported from the concentration cantonments to the same violent death centres used by the T-4 plan. In decision, Hitler steadfastly convinced that Darwinian development was true, saw himself as the modern Jesus of world. Society, he felt, would some twenty-four hours regard him as a great # 8216 ; scientific socialist # 8217 ; , the helper of all world. 1517 WORDS

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essays Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay Functional magnetic resonance imaging Essay The organic structure is opaque, hence many old ages ago cipher could see inside it without executing surgery. However today there are many non invasive techniques, such as antielectron emanation imaging ( PET ) , computed imaging ( CT ) , X-rays and magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) , which helps us to see inside the organic structure to assist name and handle a patient. The purpose of this essay is to compare functional magnetic resonance imagination with other non invasive techniques used to look inside the organic structure. And to find whether it is the most sufficient technique used, or if there are any alternate methods. The techniques that are traveling to be discussed in this essay are positron emanation imaging, computed imaging, magnetic resonance imagination, and functional magnetic resonance imagination. Positron emanation imaging Positron emanation imaging scanners are able expression at the physiology and anatomy of any portion of the organic structure, and are able to observe tumors, irregular and deficient blood flow to tissues, aneurisms, blood cell upsets and deficient operation of variety meats such as the thyroid and pneumonic map lacks. In order for this to happen a radioactive substance is injected into the patient. The radioactive substance is normally tagged with a radioactive atom, for illustration C-11, F-18, O-15, and N-13. These radioactive atoms are formed by pelting chemicals, by a atom gas pedal device, with neutrons to make short lived radioactive isotopes. The antielectron emanation imaging is able to observe gamma beams which are given off when the radioactive isotope emits a antielectron which collides with an negatron in the tissue. It is able to make this as it has a gamma beam sensor ; this has a series of scintillation crystals, which are each connected to a photomultiplier tubing. The crystals convert the gamma rays into photons of visible radiation ; this is so converted and amplified by the photomultiplier into electrical signals. These electrical signals are so developed into an image by a computing machine. : ( 2008 ) How positron emanation imaging ( PET ) works. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/frontline/5656 [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Because this lone produces an image of a piece of the organic structure, hence in order for the image to be three dimensional there are legion pieces developed, which can so be assembled by the computing machine to organize a three dimensional image. The image shows blood flow or other biochemical maps depending on what radioactive substance is being used. For illustration, to bring forth an image of encephalon activity, weak radioactive glucose is injected into the patient. The radioactive glucose releases antielectrons as it is consumed by the encephalon. As the encephalon consumes the glucose, this shows which countries of the encephalon are most active. The higher the ingestion of glucose the higher the activity of the country of the encephalon. Picture screening: A normal pet scan which shows the difference in encephalon activity between declaiming a set of good memorized and practiced words ; and a set of words non practiced Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/serialkillers/pet_link.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] It was found that those who perform good on a hard concluding trial consume less energy so those who performed ill. ( Haier et al 1988 ) Haier believes that it shows that intelligence is related to encephalon efficiency: less efficient encephalons work harder but still carry through less ( Haier, White A ; Alkire 2003 ) There are a limited figure of PET scanners ; this is because the devices needed to make the radioactive isotopes are highly expensive, so therefore it is a hard intervention to have. Not all patients are able to undergo the intervention due to radiation degrees ; pregnant adult females are hence non suited to undergo this process. Even though the radioactive isotope is short lived it people can merely undergo this process a limited figure of times due to the radiation exposure. However there are advantages for this process, it is able to observe diseases before any alteration in the anatomy like functional magnetic resonance imaging scanners, by analyzing biochemical map. It prevents unneeded surgeries, as it is able to separate between benign and malignant tumors. Computed imaging Computed imaging green goods X raies, it is a powerful signifier of electromagnet energy. Because it has a high energy degree it will therefore base on balls straight through most of the soft stuffs in the organic structure. The image shows merely white, gray and black. White represents bone, metal and Ca. The Grey sunglassess represent variety meats, soft tissues and musculuss, and black represents air, and fat. The X-ray beam moves all around the patient, scanning from 100s of different angles, and is so set together to organize a three dimensional image of the organic structure. It is used to name malignant neoplastic disease, caput injury, and osteoporosis. The advantages of this process are that it is painless and non invasive. It is first-class for abdominal injury, and can bring forth elaborate images of the liver, kidneys and lien. There is no job for those who have implanted medical devised, unlike MRI scans. However there are besides disadvantages to this process, even though the radiation degrees are low, persons can merely undergo this procedure a limited figure of times. Pregnant adult females can non undergo this process due to the radiation, which is a hazard to the fetus. It is non really good at observing soft tissues in great item, and is non good at happening countries of the encephalon which are infected or inflamed compared to MRI scans. And there is a dye that may be used for contrast, which people may respond severely to. Image demoing an Axial CT image of a normal encephalon. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm? parent=cat-scan.htm A ; url=http: //www.imaginis.com/ct-scan/history.asp [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Magnetic resonance imagination Raymond Damadian developed the first magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) scanner ( Gould R.T. et Al 2000 ) . It uses a really strong magnetic field and wireless moving ridges to bring forth a elaborate image of inside the organic structure. It is able to make this because most of the human organic structure is made up of H2O molecules, incorporating H atoms. These H atoms contain a proton, which aligns itself in the way of the magnetic field. Because the MRI scanner has a much higher magnetic field than the Earth, it changes the way to that of the magnet. The MRI scanner so sends radio frequence signals that are specific to hydrogen atoms, to the peculiar country that is being examined. This causes the protons to absorb energy for it to be able to whirl in a different way. When the wireless frequence signals have stopped the H protons release their surplus stored energy as they slowly return to their natural alliance. A spiral on the scanner picks this up, which is so sent to a co mputing machine. The computing machine receives mathematical informations which is converted into an image. The images provided can be used to demo if there are any abnormalcies in the tissues. MRI scans are able to observe if the patient has suffered from a shot, any hurts, and can observe tumours and diseases in any portion of the organic structure. Image demoing sagittal position of an MRI scan. FMRIB Centre ( 2005-2010 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/images/sagittal_scan.jpg/view [ Accessed on: 25/03/10 ] Functional magnetic resonance imagination It was discovered that O hapless hemoglobin was affected otherwise by a magnetic field than O rich hemoglobin. And so therefore it was possible to utilize these contrasts in the blood O response to map images of encephalon activity on a normal MRI. Which lead to the development of functional magnetic resonance imagination ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ) , which looks at the construction but besides the map of the encephalon. Functional MRI measures the haemodynamic response. This is the alteration in blood flow related to cognative activity, for illustration reading, emotions and listening. When nervus cells are active there is an addition in O being used, which increases the blood flow to that peculiar country. This produces activation maps, which shows what portion of the encephalon is involved in a peculiar mental procedure. For illustration the hippocampus and related median temporal lobe constructions are important for the encryption and storage of information in long- run memory. Picture demoing four functional encephalon scans obtained during a ocular memory undertaking Mark DEsposito A ; Charan Ranganath ( 2000 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/11/20_mri.html [ Accessed 25/03/10 ] Functional MRI has enabled us to supervise the growing and map of encephalon tumors, and can besides measure shot, injury or degenerative diseases on encephalon map. Functional MRI does non necessitate any radioactive isotopes or injections ; therefore the patient will be more comfy with holding the process done. There is a high declaration, so there is a more elaborate image obtained. It does nt utilize radiation like X raies, Computer Tomography or positron emanation imaging scans do, therefore is nt harmful to the patient or physician during the process, and many can be done if necessary. And it looks at all countries of the encephalon, as it is able to look at the image in any plane. Whereas a CT scan can merely bring forth one plane of position, the axial plane. The MRI scan can bring forth images of axial, sagittal and coronal planes, every bit good as any in between those grades, without the patient even traveling. However there are disadvantages of the equipment. It is really expensive for the equipment used ; therefore the test will be rather expensive so non many people will be able to afford to hold them. There are some people who can non undergo a functional MRI scan, because metal can non be near the scanner, for illustration those with pacesetters. And besides some people may be excessively large to be scanned. Those who are claustrophobic may happen it straitening. The patient has to maintain wholly still for the continuance of the process, which may be for a long clip, so that a clear image can be captured. If there are any little motions this may take to a deformed image, which may hold to be repeated. And it does nt look at the activities of the single nerve cells which are critical for mental map. It is hard to state precisely what encephalon activity is being represented on the scan, as the functional Magnetic resonance imaging picks up 1000s of single nerve cells at a clip, which may stand for a figure of different maps. In decision it seems that every technique is more efficient for certain countries of the organic structure, certain persons or specific diseases. Functional MRI merely looks at the map of encephalon activity, whereas CT and PET scans are able to see inside the whole organic structure. Favored scans are besides able to look at the map of the encephalon, nevertheless there are merely a limited figure of times the patient can undergo this process, and those who have implanted metal devises can non hold a MRI scan due to the magnetic field. CT scans are really good for those who need to name venters trauma, nevertheless the CT scanner does non give much item to soft tissues. PET scanners have a high sensitiveness, but lacks deciding morphology. MRI scanners have lower sensitiveness, but have a high contrast with soft tissues. So at that place have been versions, by uniting them both to acquire a more powerful instrument. This can besides be done with CT scanners and PET scanners. Mentions Columbia University ( n.d ) . The Future Role of functional MRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 07/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmri.org/fmri.htm gt ; . Coon, Dennis A ; Mitterer, John O. ( 2008 ) Introduction to Psychology: Gatewaies to Mind and Behavior. 12th erectile dysfunction. Cengage Learning Devlin, Hannah ( 2005-2010 ) . Introduction to fMRI [ online ] . [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/introduction-to-fmri/ gt ; . Erkonen, William E A ; Smith, Wilbur L ( 2009 ) Radiology 101: The rudimentss and basicss of imaging3rd erectile dysfunction. Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins Freudenrich, Ph.D. , Craig. ( 2000 ) How Nuclear Medicine Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 18/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-medicine.htm gt ; Gould, RT, Todd A. ( 2000 ) How MRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed on 8/3/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //healthguide.howstuffworks.com/mri.htm gt ; Harris, Tom. ( 2002 ) How CAT Scans Work. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/cat-scan.htm gt ; NHS [ online ] . ( 2009 ) MRI- scan [ online ] [ Accessed 08/12/09 ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/Introduction.aspx. gt ; . Radiology Info ( N.D ) Professionals and cons of PET scans Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.radiology-info.org/nuclear-medicine-positron-emission-tomography/pros-consside-effects.html gt ; scanDirectory.com Staff ( 2007 ) organic structure scan [ online ] [ Accessed 22/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scandirectory.com/content/body_scan.asp gt ; Watson, Stephanie. ( 2008 ) How fMRI Works. [ online ] HowStuffWorks.com. [ Accessed 08/03/10 ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.howstuffworks.com/fmri.htm gt ;

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars

A.D. (or AD) - How Christianity Underlies our Calendars AD (or A.D.) is an abbreviation for the Latin expression Anno Domini, which translates to the Year of Our Lord, and equivalent to C.E. (the Common Era). Anno Domini refers to the years which followed the supposed birth year of the philosopher and founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ. For the purposes of proper grammar, the format is properly with the A.D. before the number of the year, so A.D. 2018 means The Year of Our Lord 2018, although it is sometimes placed  before the year as well, paralleling the use of B.C. The choice of starting a calendar with the birth year of Christ was first suggested by a few Christian bishops including Clemens of Alexandria in C.E. 190 and Bishop Eusebius at Antioch, C.E. 314–325. These men labored to discover what year Christ would have been born by using available chronologies, astronomical calculations, and astrological speculation. Dionysius and Dating Christ In 525 C.E., the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus used the earlier computations, plus additional stories from religious elders, to form a timeline for Christs life. Dionysius is the one credited with the selection of the AD 1 birth date that we use today- although it turns out he was off by some four years. That wasnt really his purpose, but Dionysius called the years that occurred after Christs supposed birth The years of our Lord Jesus Christ or Anno Domini. Dionysiuss real purpose was trying to pin down the day of the year on which it would be proper for Christians to celebrate Easter. (see the article by Teres for a detailed description of Dionysius efforts). Nearly a thousand years later, the struggle to figure out when to celebrate Easter led to the reformation of the original Roman calendar called the Julian Calendar into the one most of the west uses todaythe Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian Reform The Gregorian reform was established in October of 1582  when Pope Gregory XIII published his papal bull Inter Gravissimas. That bull noted that the existing Julian calendar in place since 46 B.C.E. had drifted 12 days off-course. The reason the Julian calendar had drifted so far is detailed in the article on B.C.: but briefly, calculating the exact number of days in a solar year was nearly impossible prior to modern technology, and Julius Caesars astrologists got it wrong by about 11 minutes a year. Eleven minutes isnt too bad for 46 B.C.E., but it was a twelve-day lag after 1,600 years. However, in reality, the main reasons for the Gregorian change to the Julian calendar were political and religious ones. Arguably, the highest holy day in the Christian calendar is Easter, the date of the ascension, when the Christ was said to have been  resurrected from the dead.  The Christian church felt that it had to have a separate celebration day for Easter  than the one originally used by the founding church fathers, at the start of the Jewish Passover.   The Political Heart of Reform The founders of the early Christian church were, of course, Jewish, and they celebrated Christs ascension on the 14th day of Nisan, the date of Passover in the Hebrew calendar, albeit adding a special significance to the traditional sacrifice to the Paschal lamb. But as Christianity gained non-Jewish adherents, some of the communities agitated for separating out Easter from Passover. In 325 C.E., the Council of Christian bishops at Nicea set the annual date of Easter to fluctuate, to fall on the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or next after the first day of spring (vernal equinox). That was intentionally complex  because to avoid ever falling on the Jewish Sabbath, Easters date had to be based on the human week (Sunday), the lunar cycle (full moon) and the solar cycle (vernal equinox). The lunar cycle used by the Nicean council was the Metonic cycle, established in the 5th century B.C.E., that showed that new moons appear on the same calendar dates every 19 years. By the sixth century, the ecclesiastical calendar of the Roman church followed that Nicean rule, and indeed, it is still the way the church determines Easter each year. But that meant that the Julian calendar, which had no reference to lunar motions, had to be revised. Reform and Resistance To correct the Julian calendars date slippage, Gregorys astronomers said they had to deduct 11 days out of the year. People were told they were to go to sleep on the day they called September 4th and when they woke up the next day, they should call it September 15th. People did object, of course, but this was only one of numerous controversies slowing acceptance of the Gregorian reform. Competing astronomers argued over the details; almanac publishers took years to adapt- the first was in Dublin 1587. In Dublin, people debated what to do about contracts and leases (do I have to pay for the full month of September?). Many people rejected the papal bull out of hand- Henry VIIIs revolutionary  English reformation had taken place only fifty years earlier. See Prescott for an amusing paper on the problems this momentous change caused everyday people. The Gregorian calendar was better at counting time than the Julian, but most of Europe held off accepting the Gregorian reforms until 1752. For better or worse, the Gregorian calendar with its embedded Christian timeline and mythology is (essentially) what is used in the western world today. Other Common Calendar Designations Islamic: A.H. or AH, meaning Anno Hegirae or in the year of the HijraHebrew: AM or A.M., meaning Year After CreationWestern: BCE or B.C.E., meaning Before the Common EraWestern: CE or C.E., meaning the Common EraChristian-Based Western: BC or B.C., meaning Before ChristScientific: AA or A.A., meaning the Atomic AgeScientific: RCYBP, meaning Radiocarbon Years Before the PresentScientific: BP or B.P., meaning Before the PresentScientific: cal BP, meaning Calibrated Years Before the Present or Calendar Years Before the Present Sources Macey SL. 1990. The Concept of Time in Ancient Rome. International Social Science Review 65(2):72-79.Peters JD. 2009. Calendar, clock, tower. MIT6 Stone and Papyrus: Storage and Transmission. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Prescott AL. 2006. Refusing Translation: The Gregorian Calendar and Early Modern English Writers. The Yearbook of English Studies 36(1):1-11.Taylor T. 2008. Prehistory vs. Archaeology: Terms of Engagement. Journal of World Prehistory 21:1–18.Teres G. 1984. Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus. Journal for the History of Astronomy 15(3):177-188.

Write an essay by solving the last three question

Write an by solving the last three question - Essay Example found that Wonderful Stores (WS) committed breach of contract when it cancelled its advertised â€Å"Wonderful January sale Bargains Galore; Rolex Watches  £80†¦Ã¢â‚¬  thus to settle the issue, the following questions must be resolved on appeal: (1) whether the advertisement was an invitation to treat and not an offer; (2) assuming that it was an offer, it was a bilateral offer and not a unilateral offer; (3) assuming further that it was a unilateral offer, no obligation arise as Simon has not accepted the offer at the time it was revoked on Saturday evening’s advertisement. Would the appeal of WS prosper? The appeal will not prosper. Advertisements are legitimate business strategies implemented by sellers to induce buyers to patronize its products however advertisements are mere invitations to treat. To ripen into a contract, bids must first be made to commence negotiation then the seller will consider the bid and thereafter accept it if deemed appropriate. Thus, the stages to constitute a valid contract must be complied with—initial offer, negotiation and acceptance. The indication of a price tag in an advertisement or even put on display on the shop window is of no moment. It does not qualify as a valid offer of sale but simply an invitation to treat which is not demandable until an offer was accepted. This is anchored on the fact that the store that advertised the product may not have sufficient inventory to sell to all those who would want to procure or avail of the products. In the case of WS, it stated in its advertisement that sale shall be made on a â€Å"first come, first served† basis thus the eventuality that it would run out of inventory is not present. The consumers are put on notice that the products are limited thus those interested to buy were encouraged to fall in line—sale would be made until supply last. WS has made an offer thereby creating a valid and enforceable contract. Therefore WS is obliged to sell to those who have complied with the

Job Security between India and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job Security between India and Japan - Essay Example Moreover, the current report will also execute the theoretical and practical implications of the IR transformation outlook. The laws of employment dominating India, the newly industrialized country are of a safeguarding nature to the employees. They permit the policies of workers’ retrenchment or lay-offs but only with government’s approval. On the other hand, the condition of labor in Japan, the advance-industrialized country, gives a differing outlook. The practices of labor, there, depict distinguishing aspects, of which, the most prominent is the ‘lifetime employment’. This assists the workers in the provision of beneficial behavior by hiring those schools, maintaining retaining, and developing them in the companies or organizations until they are 55-60 years. This provision of lifetime guarantee does not require the workers to sign any particular contract and is flexible towards the employees throughout their job. Various researches and studies regarding the employment security in India depict that the rate of unemployment in India is higher than that of Japan. The Indian Government is responsible to formulate the laws of industrial relations. Some of such IR laws prevailing in India are worth mentioning in the context of the report. Moreover, the IR laws in India are distinguished by the Industrial Relations laws of other countries through the feature that it does not provide for trade unions to be acknowledged as the collective bargaining agents. Under the TUA, only registering of the union does not give it the status of a legal and autonomous representative of the employees in the organization (Sarkar 2011). The Industrial Law makes it mandatory for the government to interfere in tackling any disputes that emerge in the organizations and its activities. According to the provisions of the Industrial Disputes

Types of data sources Essay Example for Free

Types of data sources Essay 1. Evaluate relevant sources of data and information and discuss the criteria for selection of data and information. There are several different types of data sources for example there are primary sources of data which would be original documents, original research studies (peer reviewed), case studies. Secondary data is data collected from someone other than the user for example a biography of an individual would be secondary data compared to the person’s auto biography. There is also tertiary data which is a combination of both primary and secondary sources of data. Relevant sources of information tend to be sources that are reliable and credible. There are two basic types of information which are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative information is expressed in figures which will answer questions such as, how likely? How long? How many? Etc. Qualitative information expresses information that cannot be measured in a numerical formation and answers questions such as How? Why? What? For example the quantitative data of a product would tell the user the diameters of the product, how much the product weighs etc. This information would be useful for say the packaging department but to the advertising department this information would only have so much use they would need qualitative data about said product in order for them to sell it Joint and by product costing – There are different methods to allocate costs within a production process for example a process may produce three different products x y and z, the costs for this process would be allocated to each individual product based on the amount of each product that is produced in one run of this process and the costs may be allocated in different ways such as weight produced or the net realisable value (selling price) of each product and apportioned this way. The mos t appropriate method of cost allocation will inform management which product or products are generating a profit or a loss and this information would be used to make decisions as to continue certain processes of products. Variance analysis of costs i.e the difference between actual expenditure and budgeted expenditure, would generate quantitative data such as the differences between the two figures however it would not example HOW this happened so without the qualitative data on HOW this happened giving management more useful information to work with to improve the adverse variances . The criteria for the selection of data and information would be as to whether it is relevant, reliable, The rational model proposes that people follow a rational, four step sequence when making decisions. The four steps are: * Indentifying the problem * Generating solutions * Selecting a solution * Implementing and evaluating the solution The normative model suggests that decision making is characterised by; * Limited information processing there is a limit to how much information a person can manage. * Judgemental heuristics shortcuts are used to simplify decision making. * Satisfying choosing solutions that meet minimum requirements and are good enough 3 – Evaluate methods of communicating decisions made and discuss the processes for implementing and evaluating a communication method Oral Communication: Oral communication could be said to be the most used form of communication. Whether it is to present some important data to your colleagues or lead a boardroom meeting, these skills are vital. We are constantly using words verbally to inform our subordinates of a decision, provide information, and so on. This is done either by phone or face-to-face. The person on the receiving end would also need to exercise much caution to ensure that he/she clearly understands what is being said. This shows therefore, that you would need to cultivate both your listening and speaking skills, as you would have to carry out both roles in the workplace, with different people. Written Communication:Â  Writing is used when you have to provide detailed information such as figures and facts, even while giving a presentation. It is also generally used to send documents and other important material to stakeholders, which could then be stored for later use as it can be referred to easily as it is recorded. Other important documents such as contracts, memos, and minutes of meetings are also in written form for this purpose. It can be seen in recent years however, that verbal communication has been replaced to a great extent by a faster form of written communication, and that is email. You could also use videoconferencing and multiple way phone calls with several individuals simultaneously. Apart from a few glitches that could occur, these methods of communication have helped organizations come a long way. Body Language: Although the most common methods of communication are carried out orally or in writing, when it comes to management techniques, the power of non-verbal communication must never be underestimated. Your smile, your gestures and several other body movements send out a message to the people around you. You need to be mindful of this while dealing with your employees and customers. Always remember to maintain eye contact. This would show that you are serious and confident about what is being said.

The Art of Decadence Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the late 19th century decadence was a tremendously popular theme in European literature. In addition, the degeneracy of the individual and society at large was represented in numerous contemporary works by Mann. In Death in Venice, the theme of decadence caused by aestheticism appears through Gustav von Achenbach’s eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a Polish boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings spring from a sound source, the boy’s aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings are, and his obsession ultimately leads to his literal and existential destruction. This exemplifies how aestheticism is closely related to, and indeed often the cause of decadence. Although the narrative is about more complexities, the author’s use of such vivid descriptions suggest the physical, literal aspect of his writing is just as important to the meaning of the story. The first and most obvious instance of aestheticism and decadence as correlating themes in this story is the title, Death in Venice. By fore-grounding the name of the city in the title, Mann is highlighting the city's key role in the unfolding narrative. Mann aligns the word 'Venice' with the word 'death' in the title. This creates a relationship between these two words - the word 'death' strongly infuses the word 'Venice' with all its connotations. Death and decay are important ideas within the context of decadence. By shear nature the title relates the concepts of death and dying to the city of Venice, which implies that the location is where a death will occur. However, this is paralleled by the opening of the story when Mann drearily tells of Aschenbach’s stroll through Munich. In the reading of this passage it ... ...ut to be the scene of a crowded, stifling city filled with cholera that eventually leads to his demise. Before this can occur however, he becomes internally decadent through his indulgence in Tadzio’s appearance. He then changes his appearance to please his idol which in turn corrupts himself by turning him into the type of decadent man he once despised. These themes of aestheticism and decadence, not in juxtaposition but in duality, are used frequently by Mann throughout the novella. Works Cited Mann, Thomas, and Clayton Koelb. Death in Venice: a new translation, backgrounds and contexts, criticism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. Print. Ritters, Naoimi, and .Jeffrey B. Berlin. "the Tradition of European Decadence." Approaches to teaching Mann's Death in Venice and other short fiction. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992. 86-92. Print.

Coach of the Army Crew

Army Crew Case Analysis Coach of the Army Crew; Coach P. selected the top eight rowers for the Varsity boat after a long series of objective tests measuring each member’s speed, strength and coordination. The Varsity team had a clear advantage over the Junior Varsity team. So, how could Junior Varsity team beat the Varsity team in two-thirds of the time in practice races? There are obvious reasons behind the bad performance of the Varsity team. Coach P. lacking a leadership couldn’t see the signs of Varsity team having serious problems as a team.The problem with Coach P. ’s coaching mistake started with the team selection process of Varsity team members. He managed to measure individual performances successfully by using ergometer and weight records. However, as important as individual skills were, it was crucial for the eight individual members to be a team and synchronize their rowing. His performance and team building criteria lacked personality factors. Howev er, rowing needs a perfect teamwork and mental strength of the crew members. U. S.Olympic Committee’s research project showed that the master coaches those who were most experienced and successful tended to focus on psychological variables as the most important criteria for a successful crew team whereas novice coaches tended to focus on technique just like Coach P. did. Selecting a team solely dependent on individual technical performance resulted in very serious problems among team members. Coach P. lacking leadership skills had no vision about the team having serious trust and coordination problems.Just before National championships races, he –for the first time- included personality dimensions to analyze the team. It revealed that the Varsity team had no team leaders and had team disrupters instead. He brought in an external party to improve their confidence, concentration and motivation of the Varsity team which the Varsity team labeled it as â€Å"touch-feelyâ⠂¬ . Other than bringing in an external party, he should have acted as a leader and make the best decision for the group by using Rational Decision Making Model steps: first by identifying the problem, generating solutions, selecting the best solution and implementing it.He should have showed a transformation leadership which would increase acceptance and support from the Varsity Team. Each set of the transformational leadership behavior was very crucial for the disrupted team: * Inspirational motivation (establishing a vision using emotion): It is very obvious that the Varsity team had superior performance individually and they can perform much better if they believe in their team. However, they are demotivated and lost their beliefs in the team. Coach P. encouraged competition between JV and V groups which affected Varsity team negatively.Other than creating a tension between teams, he should have motivated each team separately and should have built close relationships with membe rs and provided an open and direct communication with them. * Idealized influence (sacrificing for the greater good): Team disrupters decreased the motivation of the team and the team had no leaders. Coach P. relied on third parties such as Center of Enhanced Performance (CEP) and asked the group â€Å"What is your solution? † other than trying to make the best decision himself and then take the right step.For the greater good of the team, he should have demoted the team disrupters. For the rest of the team she should have worked with each member individually to set their goals and increase their motivation. * Individualized consideration (providing support): The Varsity team’s most important problem is motivation and lacking a team spirit. To overcome this problem, Coach P. should have showed his support and provide open communication with the team. Instead, he tried to find the â€Å"right combination† by switching members of the teams and causing a tension am ong Varsity and JV boats.He should have realized from the very beginning that the problem is not about physical but it was psychological. By trying different combinations, he made the team’s psychology even worse. * Intellectual stimulation (encouraging employees to question the status quo): Coach P. should have let them negotiate and come to an agreement about the situation but it was very late for him to hold a group meeting just before National championships. Coach P. should have realized the trust and coordination problems of the team and should resolve the problems much earlier.As a good leader, he should have built the team depending on both physical and personality factors in the first place. He should have demoted team disrupters for better teamwork and motivation among the rest of the team members. To resolve the conflict between Varsity team, he should have provided a better communication among them. That way, they would have come to an agreement without any support from an external party like CEP. To create a team spirit, he should have done team building games and activities and make them socialize with each other. Both the team members and the coach don’t know and trust each other.Just like basketball coach, Coach K. ’s leadership style he should have been a loved leader who creates personal interaction and drives performance through respect. He should have built trust and respect among teammates and himself. After achieving these goals, it is very important to motivate the team to achieve a better performance. For Varsity team, following Locke’s Goal Setting Theory, creating SMART (goals that are specific in their orientation, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-based) and right level of goals would increase the motivation and effort.Returning to case, Coach P. should not switch Varsity and Junior Varsity boats even though Varsity will perform badly in the Championships. That way, he will show his support and tru st to Varsity team. If he chooses JV team to compete, he might lose the Varsity team forever. He shouldn’t switch team members other than the team disrupters. Varsity boat has a clear advantage over Junior Varsity team but they lacked a teamwork and synergy. As a coach he should make them feel like a team again and perform their best in the Championships.

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic thought appeals to me the most. Therefore, it is necessary to outline its main ideas related to monetary and fiscal policy. It is important to know that this theory is based on ideas of famous British economist John Keynes and it is rooted in the 20th century. Keynesian economy claims that mixed economy is the best type of managing fiscal and monetary policies, where special attention is paid to private sector and state. Keynesians doesn’t think that both state and private sector should operate on their own and, therefore, their policy differs significantly from laissez-faire economy. Such idea is the most appealing to me, because I think that every sector should be under thorough control. (Blinder 2003)The next moment to mention is that Keynesians believe macro-level trends are able to dominate over the micro-level of individual behavior. In contrast to classical theory, Keynesians promote an idea that aggregate demand for good is of great im portance in economy and is its main driving force. Speaking about fiscal and monetary policies, Keynesians aim at raising saving in order to lower the demand for labor and products. For example, they stated that there were many ways for the government to ensure effective management of national economy.Instead of paying attention to unbalanced budgets, Keynesian theory suggests countercyclical fiscal policies, â€Å"which acted against the tide of the business cycle: deficit spending when a nation’s economy suffers from recession or when recovery is long-delayed and unemployment is persistently high†. (Blinder 2003) Therefore, the government should solve short-term problems. Also Keynesians think that fiscal stimulus or deficit spending may actuate production. Rather interesting idea is that government should be complementary. And fiscal expansion is possible only in case of slack in labor market.However, Keynesian theory is criticized because of unbalanced view of mone tary policy. For example, it is suggested that their approach to economy is rather collectivist which requires centralized planning and, in such a way, it may lead to totalitarian abuses. Keynesians are more concerned with considerations instead of executing. (Blinder 2003)ReferencesBlinder, Alan. (2003). Keynesian Economics. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html

Business System Assessment Essay

Business System Assessment Essay Business System Assessment Essay This is a free sample essay on Business System Assessment: The information methods that can be used in analyzing requirements are the documentation, interview, observation, questionnaire, and the measuring methods. Each method can be an effective way to gather requirements but some can be better then others depending on what kind of business your company does. The documentation method can be an effective method of analyzing requirements if the company already has good documentation. The interview method is a good method to use for companies that are smaller and everyone is in one office. I feel that a face-to-face interview is more personable and more effective then doing an interview over the phone. The observation method is a good method because it allows you to see how the current processes are done. If the questionnaires ask the right questions and are effective in tracking certain aspects of the business, then this is an effective method. I have never used the measuring method but the book says that it can be a good method for gathering statistical information from the existing system. A process map is a graphical representation of the activities which make up the process It is a diagram which shows each step of the process, each input and output, and which uses agreed symbols to represent different process elements. It is similar in many ways to a flowchart of the process and, in common with a flowchart, the process map represents the logic necessary to achieve the desired result. The methods that should be used in process mapping are ones that you are comfortable with and ones that you have used before and have been successful in using. I dont know that the reading or lecture for this week actually went over actual mapping methods, but one method that was mentioned was the value chain principle. The mapping tools that should be used in documenting analysis are joint applications development/design (JAD) or rapid applications development (RAD) tools. These tools can be used to speed up the analysis and design of a system. Object oriented analysis (OOA), spiral, iterative or a combination of these tools are all good tools to use. These tools should be used along with the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). An analyst would know if the methods and tools mentioned above are effective because hopefully he/she has enough experience and has used these tools and methods before. The analyst would first need to determine if the company already has a standard methodology that they use as a standard. If they do have an established methodology already, the analyst should try to use that method and get permission from the company before using a different method. Hopefully the method already established by the client is an effective method. The prototyping tools used by the analyst can be used to confirm if the requirements are effective. This can be done by either the measuring method or by using diagramming tools. By utilizing either of these methods, an output would be generated to measure the effectiveness of the enterprise-level system analysis. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Business System Assessment from our professional essay writing service.

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell

The Italian Phonetic Alphabet - How to Spell Bravissimo! You finally learned how to use the phone in Italy. Like many other Italians you pass on the street who have a cellphone attached to his ear, you can now discuss the most banal moments of the day. You quickly discover, though, that there are times when, no matter how clearly you pronounce Italian words, the person on the other end of the line cannot understand you. It could be static, it could be because youre skiing in the Dolomites or traveling by hydrofoil to the island of Stromboli and reception is poor. But you need to make yourself understood, otherwise youll miss out on those tickets to opening night at La Scala. Fortunately, theres the alfabeto fonetico- the Italian phonetic alphabet. Ancona, Bologna, CataniaMention the phonetic alphabet to a native-English speaker, and the first phrase that comes to mind is: Alpha Bravo Charlie. It stands for ABC, and is used in the military to avoid miscommunication. Its also frequently used by anyone speaking on the phone (to a customer service represenative, for instance) to spell out words (or portions of those words) to confirm the correct spelling. If its necessary to sound out the spelling of a word in Italian, by convention the following cities (typically provincial capital cities)- or alternate terms- are most commonly used to refer to each letter of the alphabet. The list of cities is not fixed, though, and even native-Italian speakers sometimes disagree about which cities to refer to. Therefore instead of Catania, one could also use Como, Capri or any other well known location. The only rule is to avoid a letter/town combination that could be mistaken for a different pair. Italian Phonetic AlphabetA come AnconaB come Bologna (or Bari or Brescia)C come Catania (or Como)D come DomodossolaE come Empoli (or Enna)F come FirenzeG come GenovaH come Hotel (acca)I come ImolaJ (gei or i lunga) come jolly (the joker in Italian card games) (or Jugoslavia)K (kappa) come KursaalL come LivornoM come MilanoN come NapoliO come OtrantoP come Palermo (or Padova or Pisa)Q come QuadernoR come RomaS come Savona (Sassari or Siena)T come Torino (Taranto)U come UdineV come Venezia (Verona)W (vi/vu doppio) come Washington (Wagner)X (ics) come Xanto (xilofono)Y come ipsilon (York or yacht)Z come Zara (Zurigo or zeta)

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research project - Essay Example Anthropologists generally denote this with the key phrase â€Å"cultural adaptation†. The vital elements in the cultural existence of the Yanomamo cope with territory and orientation to it (Early and Peters 35) The Yanomamo are widely recognized that they are among the handful of tribes on the planet whose presence was unidentified until few recent years. They reside in the boundaries between Venezuela and Brazil, and their human population is only about 20,000 people, dispersed in various villages and split up by miles of uninhabited territory. Once the anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon travelled to this area for the very first time, the Yanomamo were staying in certain undersized villages, referred to as shabonos, and they were talking in only their native language. As per Napoleon Chagnon, they fit in the class of â€Å"Tropical Forest Indians†, known as foot people, and this describes the villagers’ disbursement over the terrain. The Yanomamo conduct involves an accumulation of features which are linked among their communities that, all through particular viewpoint, manage the intricacy of association between the facets of ethnic, environmental, and natural routines. They depend for food and shelter on the things they can collect on the rain forest. They perform hunting and accumulating, and the most typical game creatures are wild pigs, monkeys, tapirs, armadillos, birds and rodents. Caterpillars are thought to be an extremely appealing meal, exactly like the grubs that reside in the seeds of palm fruit. (Early and Peters 221) Among their local meals plantains are the most vital. Additionally they cultivate tobacco, to which each and every Yanomamo is passionate. They are mindful furthermore of the methods of â€Å"slash and burn cultivation†, the procedure for farming employed in which flora is burnt, land is cropped for quite some time (two to three years), after which the boonies retake its position. Enthusiastic hunters